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Much of the inspiration for the War of the Five Kings in the series comes from the War of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars in the fifteenth century where the rivaling houses of York and Lancaster fought for the throne of England. The families 'Stark' and 'Lannister' were clearly inspired by these factions, as were several characters. The Mad King Aerys II is based on Henry VI of Lancaster, who also suffered from bouts of insanity; his wife Margaret of Anjou (nicknamed 'the She-wolf of France') was a basis for Cersei Lannister, as both women were fiercely protective of their sons, and ruthlessly ruled the country through them in absence of their husbands. Henry and Margaret were defeated by Edward IV of York; the young Edward resembles Robb Stark, as he became the leader of the Yorks at age 19 after his father fell in battle, won several battles against the Lancasters, but made a politically unwise decision by impulsively marrying the widow of a Lancastrian; older Edward may have inspired Robert Baratheon, as both men were formidable soldiers who defeated a mad king, but spent most of their latter days drinking and whoring. Edward's friend and confidant, William Lord Hastings, was the likely reference for Robert's friend Ned Stark: Hastings was a powerful figure at Edward's court, who ensured his king's succession by Edward's brother, Richard III, who then had Hastings summarily beheaded years later on grounds of treason. Richard III was, in turn, defeated by Henry VII Tudor (a Lancaster), who had spent many years in exile during Edward IV's reign, like Daenerys Targaryen had during Robert's rule. Henry also returned with a dragon in his weapon, and later (somewhat falsely) vilified and slandered Richard III as an amoral, scheming, physically deformed and unattractive hunchback, making Richard an inspiration for Tyrion Lannister. Lastly, to cement his claim to the throne, Henry married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, his former enemy, making her a loose equivalent of Sansa Stark who is also used as a political pawn by the Lannisters.

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